Study on Repayment Behavior of Beneficiary Farmers among Kisan Credit Card Scheme in Dewas District of Madhya Pradesh

India lives in villages. The majority of our country’s population depends upon agriculture. Hence, there is a great need for inclusion of rural people in the financial framework. When it is considered rural credit system to facilitate various financial needs of the rural folks or farmers, it has many dimensions. Over the years, NABARD has taken initiatives to supply adequate credit to farmers, which has made the rural finance system more efficient. Kisan credit card users were determined on the basis of the time to which they repaid their loan and categorized into three groups i.e. those who repaid their loan in schedule date termed as ‘regulars’. Those who repaid their loan after scheduled date of repayment termed as ‘irregulars’. Those who failed to repay their loan on schedule date termed as ‘defaulter’. Finding reported that repayment behaviour of KCC holders the result showed that the majority (46.67 per cent) of the respondents were found to repay their credit on timely, 29.17 per cent respondents were found who not capable to repay their credit on time schedule and 24.16 per cent respondents were found who had defaulter. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2022.v09i03.00

Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to cervical cancer screening in adult women: a hospital based cross-sectional study

Background: The Pap smear is a reliable, inexpensive and effective screening test for cervical cancer; the second most common cancer among women worldwide. We aimed to determine women’s knowledge, attitudes and practice towards Pap smear and barriers for the screening in a public hospital.Methods: It was a hospital based cross sectional study on 300 women who were interviewed face-to-face with a structured questionnaire regarding their socio demographic features (8 questions), knowledge (20 questions), attitudes (7 statements) and practice (undertook test or not) towards Pap smear.Results: A total of 320 women were approached for interview of which 300 responded of which 33.33% had heard of cervical cancer. At least one symptom and one risk factor were known to 13.33% and 20% participants. Only 31.33% participants had heard, and 6.67% actually underwent screening test, however, 76.25% of the participants expressed a favourable attitude for screening.Conclusions: Education level influences attitude towards screening and actual practice depends on age, income, and marital status. This study shows that despite the fact that women had suboptimal level of knowledge regarding cervical cancer, their attitude is favourable for screening. The knowledge and practice of women was inadequate and needs to be promoted.

Evaluating condom catheter balloon tamponade in non-traumatic postpartum haemorrhage resistant to medical management

Background: Obstetric haemorrhage remains the most important cause of maternal mortality worldwide accounting for 25% of maternal deaths annually. The aim of the study was to evaluate efficacy of a condom catheter assembly for uterine tamponade in the management of non-traumatic postpartum haemorrhage (PPH).Methods: It was a prospective interventional study done in a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India. Thirty three women with intractable PPH unresponsive to medical management were managed by uterine balloon tamponade using a condom-catheter assembly prior to surgical intervention.Results: The catheter successfully controlled haemorrhage in 31 out of 33 patients. In both the failed cases, hysterectomy was required. Among the failed cases there was one maternal death due to sepsis and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). In cases where the balloon was successful, it was removed around 24 hours later and no further bleeding or complication was observed.Conclusions: Placement of a condom catheter balloon can successfully treat non-traumatic PPH refractory to medical management. It is simple, inexpensive, easily, available and in those with successful placement no procedure related morbidity was observed. The potential for it to be used by inexperienced operators in areas with limited resources makes it a useful tool in management of PPH

Assessment of maternal and fetal outcome in trial of labor after cesarean

Background: Nowadays, cesarean sections are increasing consistently. Repeat cesarean sections are performed for a large percentage and associated with a higher rate of surgical complications and Long-term morbidities. The trial of labor after cesarean offers an alternative choice. This study carried out to assess the maternal and fetal outcome and to evaluate various parameters as a predictor of success of TOLAC.Methods: This prospective observational study conducted on 150 pregnant women with one previous LSCS who delivered at Mahatma Gandhi hospital, from January 2017 to July 2018. Patient having a singleton pregnancy, cephalic presentation, adequate pelvis size with spontaneous onset of labor were included. Cases were monitored carefully during the labor. Emergency LSCS was done if any indication appeared.Results: 78% of cases delivered safely by the vaginal birth and 22% of cases had an emergency repeat cesarean section (EmRCS). Favorable Bishop Score, active stage of labor and prior vaginal delivery were associated with higher success rate. One (0.66%) case of uterine scar rupture and 2 (1.33%) cases of scar dehiscence noted. No maternal mortality observed. Perinatal mortality occurred in 2 cases (1.33%).Conclusions: Present study shows that appropriate clinical settings and the properly selected group of patients can make the TOLAC safe and effective

Role of hysterolaparoscopy in unexplained infertility

Background: Infertility, as defined by World Health Organization (WHO), is failure to achieve pregnancy during 1 year of regular unprotected intercourse. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of unsuspected pathology at hysterolaparoscopy in presumed unexplained infertility, the incidence of intervention done for correcting pathology and its outcome and the importance of hysterolaparoscopy in the evaluation and treatment of infertile couples.Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out at IVF and Endoscopy centre, Department of obstetrics and gynecology at the Ruby Hall clinic, Pune from 1st November 2014 to 30th July 2016, after obtaining institutional ethical clearance and who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A detailed clinical history and physical examination and bimanual pelvic examination were done, following which all the patients were subjected to baseline blood investigation, 3D pelvis (TVS) and semen analysis. Day care hysterolaparoscopy was performed and systematic analysis were done.Results: The mean duration of infertility was 2 to 4 years. In our study out of 75 women 62 (82.67%) showed normal hysteroscopic findings, remaining 13 women (17.67%) showed abnormal hysteroscopic findings like cornaul blockage, intrauterine adhesions and tuberculosis endometrium. Abnormal laparoscopic findings were reported in 29.33% of which the most common pathology was endomertiosis (21.33%).Conclusions: Diagnostic Hysterolaproscopy is a safe, effective, minimally invasive, cost effective, daycare comprehensive procedure in evaluation of unexplained infertility. Apart from routine diagnostic protocol missed pathologies can be detected and this tool can be used for diagnostic as well as therapeutic intervention

Diagnostic measures for severe acute malnutrition in Indian infants under 6 months of age: a secondary data analysis

Background Weight for length z-score (WLZ) < − 3 is currently used to define severe acute malnutrition (SAM) among infants. However, this approach has important limitations for infants younger than 6 months of age as WLZ cannot be calculated using WHO growth standards if infant length is < 45 cm. Moreover, length for age z-score (LAZ) and weight for length z-score (WLZ) are least reliable measures, with high chances of variation, and less chances of detecting undernutrition in under 6 months infants. The objective of the current analysis was to compare WLZ with WAZ and LAZ in a cohort of Indian infants in predicting the deaths between 6 weeks and 6 months of age. Methods The data was from an individually randomized trial conducted in slums of Delhi, India in which infants’ weight and length were measured at 6 weeks of age (at the time of the first immunization visit). Vital status of the infants was documented from 6 weeks to 6 months of age. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated for WAZ < -3, WLZ < -3, and LAZ < -3 for deaths between 6 weeks and 6 months of age. The receiver operating characteristics curve was calculated for each of the above anthropometric indicators. Results For deaths occurring between 6 weeks to 6 months of age, the specificity ranged between 85.9–95.9% for all three anthropometric indicators. However, the sensitivity was considerably higher for WAZ; it was 64.6% for WAZ < -3, 39.1% for LAZ < -3, and 25.0% for WLZ < -3. WAZ < -3 had higher area under curve (0.75; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.82) and hence, better discriminated deaths between 6 weeks and 6 months of age than WLZ < -3. The adjusted relative risk (RR 10.6, 95% CI 5.9, 18.9) and the population attributable fraction (PAF 57.9, 95% CI 38.8, 71.0%) of mortality was highest for WAZ < -3. Conclusions We found WAZ < -3 at 6 weeks of age to be a better predictor of death in the 6 weeks to 6 months of life in comparison to WLZ < -3 and LAZ < -3 and propose that it should be considered to diagnose SAM in this age group.publishedVersio

Combining ability analysis for grain yield and quality characters in pearl millet [Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone]

The objective of the present study is to estimate the combining ability effects among parents and their crosses in pearl millet, to identify promising cross combinations for grain yield and its component traits. In combining ability analysis, the extent of sca variance was higher than gca variance for all of the characters demonstrating the predominance of non-additive gene action except for panicle length and 1000-grain weight. The estimates of general combining ability suggested that parents, RIB 17 S/109, RIB 16300, RIB 37-40 S/17, RIB 13-16 S/17, ICMA 96666 and ICMA 94111 were good general combiners for yield and its contributing characters. The best hybrid, ICMA 94111 x RIB 16296 involved low x low performing parents which exhibited high positive and significant SCA effect for grain yield and most of the yield contributing and quality traits like protein, iron and zinc. These good combiner lines may be exploited to develop iron and zinc rich hybrids along with grain yield to alleviate malnutrition in people of the country

Enteral Calcium or Phosphorus Supplementation in Preterm or Low Birth Weight Infants: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVES To assess effects of calcium or phosphorous supplementation compared with no supplementation in human milk-fed preterm or low birth weight infants. METHODS Data sources include Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline and Embase. We included Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized trials (quasi-randomized). RESULTS Three studies (4 reports; 162 infants) were included. At latest follow-up (38 weeks), there was reduction in osteopenia (3 studies, 159 participants, relative risk 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.46–0.99). At latest follow-up (6 weeks), there was no effect on weight (1 study, 40 participants, mean difference [MD] 138.50 g, 95% CI −82.16 to 359.16); length (1 study, 40 participants, MD 0.77 cm, 95% CI −0.93 to 2.47); and head circumference (1 study, 40 participants, MD 0.33 cm, 95% CI −0.30 to 0.96). At latest follow-up, there was no effect on alkaline phosphatase (55 weeks) (2 studies, 122 participants, MD −126.11 IU/L, 95% CI −298.5 to 46.27, I2 = 73.4%); serum calcium (6 weeks) (1 study, 40 participants, MD 0.54 mg/dL, 95% CI −0.19 to 1.27); and serum phosphorus (6 weeks) (1 study, 40 participants, MD 0.07 mg/dL, 95% CI −0.22 to 0.36). The certainty of evidence ranged from very low to low. No studies reported on mortality and neurodevelopment outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The evidence is insufficient to determine whether enteral supplementation with calcium or phosphorus for preterm or low birth weight infants who are fed mother's own milk or donor human milk is associated with benefit or harm.publishedVersio

Enteral Zinc Supplementation in Preterm or Low Birth Weight Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Evidence on the effect of zinc supplementation on health outcomes in preterm or low birth weight (LBW) infants is unclear. We estimated the effect of enteral zinc versus no zinc supplementation in human milk fed preterm or LBW infants on mortality, growth, morbidities, and neurodevelopment. METHODS Data sources include PubMed, Cochrane Central and Embase databases through March 24, 2021. Study selection was randomized or quazi-experimental trials. Two reviewers independently screened, extracted data, and assessed quality. We reported pooled relative risks (RR) for categorical outcomes, and mean differences (MD) for continuous outcomes. RESULTS Fourteen trials with 9940 preterm or LBW infants were included. Moderate to low certainty evidence showed that enteral zinc supplementation had little or no effect on mortality (risk ratio 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.46 to 1.16), but increased weight (MD 378.57, 95% CI 275.26 to 481.88), length (MD 2.92, 95% CI 1.53 to 4.31), head growth (MD 0.56, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.90), and decreased diarrhea (RR 0.81; 95% CI 0.68 to 0.97). There was no effect on acute respiratory infections, bacterial sepsis, and psychomotor development scores. The effect of zinc supplementation on mental development scores is inconclusive. There was no evidence of serious adverse events. Eight trials had some concerns or high risk of bias, small-sized studies, and high heterogeneity between trials led to moderate to very low certainty of evidence. CONCLUSIONS Zinc supplementation in preterm or LBW infants have benefits on growth and diarrhea prevention. Further research is needed to generate better quality evidence.publishedVersio

Cameron-Liebler sets of k-spaces in PG(n,q)

Cameron-Liebler sets of k-spaces were introduced recently by Y. Filmus and F. Ihringer. We list several equivalent definitions for these Cameron-Liebler sets, by making a generalization of known results about Cameron-Liebler line sets in PG(n, q) and Cameron-Liebler sets of k-spaces in PG(2k + 1, q). We also present a classification result